All muscle cells contain striations.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like All muscle cells are of what origin?, _____contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control. A.Cardiac muscle B. Smooth Muscle C. Skeletal muscle, _____also has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells ...

All muscle cells contain striations.. The cells are interconnected physically and electrochemically to act as a syncytium. Cardiac muscle cells contract autonomously and involuntarily. Smooth muscle is involuntary. Each cell is a spindle-shaped fiber and contains a single nucleus. No striations are evident because the actin and myosin filaments do not align in the cytoplasm.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striated (skeletal) muscle tissue, Which of these is true?, If a tissue has striations and several flattened peripheral nuclei per fiber, then that tissue could be and more. ... Cylindrical muscle cells that contain multiple nuclei located peripherally within the cell would be ...

Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, and in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system, and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\).a,b).Skeletal Muscle. Skeletal muscle has striations across its cells caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. These muscle cells are relatively long and have multiple nuclei along the edge of the cell. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, somatic nervous system control and is found in the muscles that move bones.Muscle tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction. Muscle is classified into three types according to their structure and function: Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are called striated because they show an alternating series of bands. The repeating arrangement of their basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, produces these striations.The statement "All muscle cells contain striations." is false. Muscle tissue can be categorized into three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells do have striations due to the arrangement of their contractile proteins, namely actin and myosin, which create a striped appearance. In contrast ...True or False: All muscle cells contain striations. False. In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved, and why? a. Connective tissue: it is found everywhere in the body, and is the only tissue common to ...Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are called striated because they show an alternating series of bands. The repeating arrangement of their basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, produces these striations.. In all types of muscle, contraction is caused by the movement of myosin filaments along actin filaments.. The terms muscle cell and muscle fiber are …In both skeletal and cardiac muscle, the actin and myosin proteins are arranged very regularly in the cytoplasm of individual muscle cells, which creates an alternating light and dark striped pattern called striations. The striations are visible with a light microscope under high magnification (see Figure 24.1). Smooth muscle (named for it’s ...

Concept Review. Muscle is the tissue in animals that allows for active movement of the body or materials within the body. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Most of the body’s skeletal muscle produces movement by acting on the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of …There are three major types of muscle, and their structure reflects their function. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are called striated muscle because of the very regular arrangement of their intracellular contractile units, sarcomeres, at the light microscope (LM) and electron microscope (EM) levels. This regular arrangement imparts a cross-striated (or striped) appearance.Anatomy Lab Chapter 9. Which of the following descriptions characterizes skeletal muscle tissue? a. Striations. b. Uninucleate cells. c. Spindle-shape cells. d. Intercalated discs.All muscle cells contain striations. Click the card to flip 👆. False. *Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not …Cardiac muscle, composed of the contractile cells of the heart, has a striated appearance due to alternating thick and thin filaments composed of myosin and ...Preview. Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues. 80 terms. courtneyk20. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What type of tissue has cells that are tightly packed, sits on a basement membrane, is avascular, and is easily regenerated?, Which type of muscle is characterized by the presence of striations and intercalated ...Assignment #5- Chapters 9 & 10. Get a hint. Which of the following statements is correct? Smooth and Skeletal muscle fibers are involuntary and striated. Cardiac muscle fibers are short and voluntary. Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped and found in hollow organs.A sarcomere is a functional unit of striated muscle, as it contains all the tools necessary for contraction. In this sense, you can think of a smooth muscle as ...

Which of the following cell types possesses long fibers with striations and multiple nuclei and can be controlled voluntarily or involuntarily? a. Skeletal muscle cells. b. Red blood cells. c. Stratified squamous epithelial cells. d. Nerve cells. e. All of the above cell types• covering or lining of all internal and external body ... muscle cells contain contractile filaments. • each ... Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue. • elongated ...Check all the characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue. a) Cells are striated b) Cells are structurally and functionally separated from one another c) Gap junctions join adjacent cells d) Requires external stimulation to produce a contraction e) Under autonomic control. a, c, d, e.Figure 6-1 is a cross-sectional view of skeletal muscle. Because skeletal muscle cells are cylindrical in shape, you will see very little size variation between the individual myofibers, a major histological feature of this tissue. Although this cross section does not demonstrate the multinucleate nature of skeletal muscle fibers, it clearly demonstrates that the nuclei are peripherally ...

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It can be divided into three types: skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue. Muscle tissue consists of contractile cells. The contractile unit of skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells is called a sarcomere, whereas another type of contractile unit is found in smooth muscle cells. Download …Skeletal Muscle. Skeletal muscle has striations across its cells caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin. These muscle cells are relatively long and have multiple nuclei along the edge of the cell. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary, somatic nervous system control and is found in the muscles that move bones.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like all muscle cells are called, what are the three types of muscle tissues, muscles that move bone because they are under concious control are _____ and more. ... and makes the cell look striated. ... $ and a diameter of $2\ \mathrm{ft}$ initially contains air at $300^{\circ} \mathrm ...It’s easy to exercise the muscles you can see—your biceps, your quads—but there are more muscles in your body than just the big ones. We’ve talked before about the muscles in your ...Describe the three physiologic functions of the nervous system, and correlate those functions to the organization of the nervous system: sensory input, integration, motor output to an effector like muscles or glands. We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Describe the structure of a neuron.True or False False (Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.) All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property ...

Skeletal muscle contains more actin and myosin myofilaments than smooth muscle. Smooth muscle cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells. 1. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is striated in appearance.: False. 2. In smooth muscle, the actin and myosin myofilaments are in loose bundles.: True. 3.A unique property common to all three types of muscle is contractility, which is the ability of the cells to shorten and generate force. While muscle tissue can ...All muscle cells contain striations. True False. Question. All muscle cells contain striations. True False. Show More. 95. Solution. Expert Verified. 4.8 (172 votes) Stacey Rock Veteran · Tutor for 11 years. Answer <p> False</p>Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following is not one of the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue? - decreased availability of oxygen - environmental conditions such as extreme heat - excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - depletion of metabolites, A single motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle …One of the most iconic images in biology is the cross-striated appearance of a skeletal muscle fiber. The repeating band pattern shows that all of the sarcomeres are the same length. All of the A bands are the same length and are located in the middle of the sarcomeres. Furthermore, all of the myofibrils are transversely aligned across the muscle fiber. It has been known for 300 yr that ...Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Cardiac muscle is striated. (Click to select) 2. Each cardiac muscle cell contains multiple nuclei. (Click to select) 3. Intercalated disks are found between cardiac muscle cells. (Click to select) 4. Cardiac muscle cells are voluntarily controlled.Nov 15, 2018 · One of the most iconic images in biology is the cross-striated appearance of a skeletal muscle fiber. The repeating band pattern shows that all of the sarcomeres are the same length. All of the A bands are the same length and are located in the middle of the sarcomeres. Furthermore, all of the myofibrils are transversely aligned across the muscle fiber. It has been known for 300 yr that ... Figure 15.3.2 15.3. 2: Muscle type 1) Skeletal muscle cells are long tubular cells with striations (3) and multiple nuclei (4). The nuclei are embedded in the cell membrane (5) to be just inside the cell. This type of tissue occurs in the muscles that are attached to the skeleton.

Muscle tissue is one of the basic tissue types. Histologically, the muscles of the body can be classified into 3 types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The 3 types of muscle tissue are based on the morphologic and functional properties of the cells. One of the defining characteristics of muscle tissue is its contractility, which generates forces ...

two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. All of the answers are correct. In the heart, valves are located _____.Figure 4.18 Muscle Tissue (a) Skeletal muscle cells have prominent striation and nuclei on their periphery. (b) Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus and no visible striations. …When muscle cells are viewed under the microscope, one can see that they contain a striped pattern (striations). This pattern is formed by a series of basic units called sarcomeres that are ...All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber. The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______. contraction. A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a _______ junction. neuromuscular.What type of tissue are you observing?, All muscle cells contain striations and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which is true concerning muscle tissue? cuboidal shape enhances function contains contractile units made of collagen is a single-celled tissue highly cellular and well vascularized, Under a ...Strength of muscle contraction is influenced by: of fibers stimulated to contract. frequency of stimulation. muscle fiber thickness. initial length of muscle fibers when at rest. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striations of muscle are due to alternating bands of dark and light.Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus and no striations. Cardiac muscle is also an “involuntary muscle” but it is striated in structure and appearance. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is found only within the heart. Skeletal muscle or “voluntary muscle” is anchored by tendons to ...Ultrastructure of Muscle Cells. Muscle tissue has a unique histological appearance which enables it to carry out its function. There are three main types of muscle: Skeletal - striated muscle that is under voluntary control from the somatic nervous system. Identifying features are cylindrical cells and multiple peripheral nuclei.

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Cardiomyocytes contain many mitochondria to produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and myoglobin to store oxygen to meet the demands of muscle contraction. Like skeletal muscle, the organization of thin and thick myofilaments overlapping within the sarcomere of the cell produces a striated appearance when viewed on microscopy.A high power objective lens is an important part of a microscope that magnifies up to 40 times. This lens is used for observing fine details such as muscle striations and retinal n...The answer is a, one nucleus, which is located near the center of the smooth muscle cell. 2. Smooth muscle contains striations. a. True. b. False. The answer is b, false. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue does NOT contain striations (stripes), due to its lack of sarcomeres.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striated (skeletal) muscle tissue, Which of these is true?, If a tissue has striations and several flattened peripheral nuclei per fiber, then that tissue could be and more. ... Cylindrical muscle cells that contain multiple nuclei located peripherally within the cell would be ...Cardiac Muscle Cells. use aerobic respiration almost exclusively. contain a large number of mitochondria to generate ATP. Smooth Muscle. is composed of short muscle cells that have fusiform shape- widest in the middle and tapered at each end. Smooth Muscle. have a single, centrally located nucleus. have both thick and thin filaments but they ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like T/F all muscle cells contain striations, Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? a)Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct. b) Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. c) Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. d)Holocrine glands ...This is an example of -. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In smooth muscle cells, thin filaments are attached to, Although smooth muscle cells have both thick and thin filaments, they are not precisely aligned, so no visible - are present., True or False: Smooth muscle cells lack transverse tubules. and more.This brief review serves as a refresher on smooth muscle physiology for those educators who teach in medical and graduate courses of physiology. Additionally, those professionals who are in need of an update on smooth muscle physiology may find this review to be useful. Smooth muscle lacks the striations characteristic of cardiac …Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, and in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system, and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems (Figure 10.23ab).Smooth muscle is also present in the eyes, where it ...A) t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. B) two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. C) the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. D) the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. E) All of the answers are correct. ….

All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber. The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______. contraction. A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a _______ junction. neuromuscular.Figure 8.3.1 8.3. 1: Skeletal Muscle Organ Structure. Each level of the organization of a skeletal muscle is wrapped in a connective tissue layer: the cell (myofiber) is surrounded by the endomysium, the bundle of cells (muscle fascicle) is surrounded by the perimysium, and the organ (muscle) is surrounded by the epimysium.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?, All muscle cells contain striations., Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? and more.Author: Hari M. Skeletal muscle is said to be striated in terms of appearance. The striations are similar to stripes, and if one looks at them closely, they usually come in pairs. Â These paired striations on skeletal muscles are actually bands of sarcomeres that contract and/or relax during movement. Â In its simplest explanation, the ...Conducting electrical impulses to other cells. The process in which damaged tissues are replaced or repaired so that normal function is restored is called __________. regeneration. In regard to its structural and functional properties, skeletal muscle tissue can be considered __________. striated voluntary muscle.Figure 4.13 Muscle tissues. (a) Skeletal muscle. Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations. Function ...Figure 6.3.2 6.3. 2: Muscle type 1) Skeletal muscle cells are long tubular cells with striations (3) and multiple nuclei (4). The nuclei are embedded in the cell membrane (5) to be just inside the cell. This type of tissue occurs in the muscles that are attached to the skeleton.Repeating unit of myofibril. Define motor unit. One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Define all-or-none law of skeletal muscle contraction. An individual muscle fiber contracts maximally in response to an action potential. Define muscle tone. The state of partial contraction in a muscle even when the muscle is not being used. All muscle cells contain striations., 1. INTRODUCTION. Striated muscle is composed of two major muscle types—skeletal and cardiac. While the cardiac (heart) muscle functionally represents a set of self‐stimulating, non‐fatiguing muscle cells with an intermediate energy requirement, skeletal muscle represents a set of innervated, voluntary muscle cells that exhibit fatigue with high energy requirements (e.g., muscles of the ..., The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells is a highly ordered structure consisting of an intricate network of tubules and cisternae specialized for regulating Ca 2+ homeostasis in the context of muscle contraction. The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains several proteins, some of which support Ca 2+ storage and release, while others regulate the formation and maintenance of this highly ..., A unique property common to all three types of muscle is contractility, which is the ability of the cells to shorten and generate force. While muscle tissue can ..., And so, like skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue contains striations due to the protein myofilament alignment. And so recall that this means that the cardiac muscle tissue is also going to have a banded or a striated appearance. ... And that means that these cells are going to be uninucleate in nature, which again means that the ..., Jul 30, 2022 · Skeletal muscle fibers can be quite large for human cells, with diameters up to 100 μ m and lengths up to 30 cm (11.8 in) in the Sartorius of the upper leg. During early development, embryonic myoblasts, each with its own nucleus, fuse with up to hundreds of other myoblasts to form the multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers. , Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle (Figure 8.2.1 8.2. 1 ). All muscle tissues have four functional properties in common which include excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1) Which of the following is one of the four main types of tissue? A) glandular B) cardiac C) serous D) epithelial E) skeletal, 2) Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are A) cellular aggregates. B) tissues. C) organs. D) organ systems. E) cellular strata., 3) The study of tissues is ..., Anatomy Chap 4. Get a hint. All muscle cells contain striations. Click the card to flip 👆. False. *Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. Click the card to flip 👆., 19 terms. akariaaxscr. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The second phase during the response to tissue injury is ___________., Cells of which muscle type are called fibers and contain clear striations?, Which two muscle tissues are striated? and more., Skeletal muscle contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated discs that are unique to cardiac muscle. . Contraction is involuntary, vigorous ..., Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.) All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function., The muscle cell, or myocyte, develops from myoblasts derived from the mesoderm. Myocytes and their numbers remain relatively constant throughout life. Skeletal muscle tissue is arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue. Under the light microscope, muscle cells appear striated with many nuclei squeezed along the membranes., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like all muscle cells are called, what are the three types of muscle tissues, muscles that move bone because they are under concious control are _____ and more. ... and makes the cell look striated. ... $ and a diameter of $2\ \mathrm{ft}$ initially contains air at $300^{\circ} \mathrm ..., Multi-unit smooth muscle cells contain fewer gap junctions, and are innervated individually. 8. Smooth muscle contracts via sliding actin and myosin ±laments. a. True b. False The answer is a, true. Similar to cardiac and skeletal muscle, myosin heads attach to the actin ±laments and pull the ±lament, which in turn pulls on the dense bodies ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which is true concerning muscle tissue?, Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?, All muscle cells contain striations and more., Skeletal muscle cells. Presence of visible striations & multiple peripheral nuclei. Smooth muscle cell. Absence of visible striations & single, centrally located nuclei number of nuclei. Epimysium. Connective tissue which immediately surrounds a muscle. Perimysium. Connective tissue around the fascicles. Terminal cisternae., Test your knowledge of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues with these flashcards. Find out the answer to the question "All muscle cells contain striations?" and more., Involuntary muscles are also known by the name non-striated muscle or smooth muscle. Striated or skeletal muscles are also called as Voluntary muscle. Location of involuntary muscle is stomach, intestine, hearts cardiac muscle, urinary bladder and blood vessel. ... For contraction to happen these muscle contain calcium in the sarcoplasmic ..., It’s easy to exercise the muscles you can see—your biceps, your quads—but there are more muscles in your body than just the big ones. We’ve talked before about the muscles in your ..., Damage in a ligament results a sprain. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What are 2 other names for voluntary muscles?, Where are intercalated disks found?, Which type of muscle tissue contains striations? and more., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like List the three types of muscle cells and their locations, Diagram the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in a striated muscle sarcomere, and label the major bands that give rise to the striated pattern., Describe the organization of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin molecules in the thick and thin filaments. and more., smooth muscle: under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber. stratified columnar epithelium: tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts, A sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle tissue in both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Sarcomeres appear under the microscope as striations, with alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are connected to a plasma membrane, called a sarcolemma, by T-tubules, which speed up the rate of depolarization within the sarcomere., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striated (skeletal) muscle tissue, Which of these is true?, If a tissue has striations and several flattened peripheral nuclei per fiber, then that tissue could be and more. ... Cylindrical muscle cells that contain multiple nuclei located peripherally within the cell would be ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like T/F all muscle cells contain striations, Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? a)Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct. b) Holocrine glands secrete their products by pinching off the apex of the cell. c) Holocrine glands secrete their products by exocytosis. d)Holocrine glands ..., i. skeletal muscles tissue is the only striated type of muscle tissue. ii. Cardíac and smooth muscle respond to involuntary nervous signals. iii. Cardiac muscles is found only in the heart. iv. Smooth muscles of the esophagus constructs in peristaltic waves. ii,iii, and iv ., 1. INTRODUCTION. Striated muscle is composed of two major muscle types—skeletal and cardiac. While the cardiac (heart) muscle functionally represents a set of self‐stimulating, non‐fatiguing muscle cells with an intermediate energy requirement, skeletal muscle represents a set of innervated, voluntary muscle cells that exhibit …, Figure 10.4 Muscle Fiber A skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, which contains sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of muscle cells. A muscle fiber is composed of many fibrils, which give the cell its striated appearance. , Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Striated (skeletal) muscle tissue, Which of these is true?, If a tissue has striations and several flattened peripheral nuclei per fiber, then that tissue could be and more. ... Cylindrical muscle cells that contain multiple nuclei located peripherally within the cell would be ..., Our current understanding of the structure of the thin filaments of muscle and the molecular mechanism by which thin filaments regulate muscle contraction are reviewed and discussed. We focus, in particular, on the crucial role played by Jean Hanson in these studies and on later contributions from those whose work she influenced., Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse. b. Excess serous fluid would quickly accumulate in the newly formed space. c. Only the parietal membrane would continue producing serous fluid. d. The lung would get much larger than normal when inhaling air. a. Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse. , Smooth muscle (so-named because the cells do not have striations) is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, and in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins of the circulatory system, and the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems (Figure 1)., 5.0 (1 review) Get a hint. Smooth muscle cells contain one centrally located _____. Click the card to flip 👆. Nucleus. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 20.