Vets who dock tails near me

It is best to cut the puppy’s tail from birth to less than 8 weeks of age, equivalent to 2 months, to avoid causing the dog to feel chronic pain. Because the skeletal system, blood circulation, and nervous system of puppies in the early stages of life are not fully developed. This physiological feature makes it easier to amputate the tail ...

Vets who dock tails near me. Toptails Vet stands tall as an oasis for exceptional care, where your fur buddies are treated like the kings and queens they are! We specialize in unleashing smiles with expert dentistry, providing pronto solutions for urgent care, and unraveling the mysteries of pet diagnostics. Your pets are more than just patients, they are our VIPaw-s ...

Fenton Veterinary Practice Limited 21 Portfield Haverfordwest Pembrokeshire SA61 1BN. 01437 762806. [email protected]. Pembroke Dock. Unit B London Road …

The history of veterinary opposition to cosmetic tail docking is long. One example from the United States being characterization of cosmetic tail docking as …Answered: I wanted to share with anyone traveling in Cambodia with their pet(s), that I was lucky enough to find an excellent French/Khmer veterinary clinic in Phnom Penh.Welcome to Daleside Veterinary Group. Your local independent vets providing top quality care for pets in Wrexham, Shotton and Penyffordd. We have a dedicated, experienced farm livestock team operating throughout North Wales, Cheshire and North Shropshire. We also provide a complete pet healthcare service – microchipping, pet passports and ...8.15am, 16 Nov 2013. 24.2k. 111. VETERINARIANS SAY THEY are shocked about proposed regulations under the Animal Health and Welfare Bill 2013 that would allow the docking – without anaesthetic ... See more reviews for this business. Best Veterinarians in Berea, OH 44017 - VCA Midpark Animal Hospital, Big Creek Pet Hospital, Falls Veterinary Clinic, Mobile Vet Services, Sandstone Animal Hospital, Metropet Veterinary Clinic, Crossroads Animal Hospital, West Park Animal Hospital, Animal Wellness of Strongsville.

Book an Appointment. Online booking unavailable. Please call. (734) 973-1884. Book an appointment and read reviews on All Creatures Animal Clinic, 3382 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan with TopVet.• 21 March 2022. There are many breeds of dog which traditionally had their tails docked such as some Spaniels, Doberman Pinchers, most Terrier types and Rottweilers. … Top 10 Best Ear Cropping in Detroit, MI - May 2024 - Yelp - Hurley Dog and Cat Hospital, Cowan Veterinary Hospital, Allen Animal Hospital , Patterson Veterinary Hospital, Arbor Pointe Veterinary Hospital, Luv-N-Care Animal Hospital Book an Appointment. Online booking unavailable. Please call. (734) 973-1884. Book an appointment and read reviews on All Creatures Animal Clinic, 3382 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan with TopVet.Reviews on Mobile Vet in Universal City, TX 78148 - Dr. May Veterinary Housecall Services Gentle Euthanasia , Kitty Hawk Animal Hospital, Traveling Tails Veterinary Clinic, Greener Grooming, Pet Rescue Xpress Spa Mobile Grooming

Let’s face it… cats don’t love the vet. If you asked them, their answer to how often they need to go to the vet would probably be “never.” Unfortunately for them, and luckily for y...Jul 13, 2022 ... Also not many vets will want to dock a tail at that age. ... Both of my Dobermans came to me cropped and docked. ... TBH most Euro breeders don't ...Call us at 303-659-2472. If you live in Brighton or the surrounding area and need a trusted veterinarian to care for your pets – look no further. Your pets’ health and wellbeing are very important to us, and we take every possible measure to give your animals the care they deserve. Brighton Animal Clinic is a full-service animal hospital ...Find us and keep in touch... Here at Waggin' Tails London we have created a Veterinary Clinic, Dog Grooming, Pet Shop and Pet Boutique, all in one place for your convenience. …The cost of tail docking will vary depending on where you live and which vet you use. In general, the procedure will cost between $50 and $100. Here are a few things to keep in mind when budgeting for this type of procedure: –. The age of your pet. If your pet is still a puppy, the cost will be on the lower end.

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(photo examples of Cane Corsos with docked tails) The Cane Corso standard calls for a tail dock at 1/3 the length of the tail, or at the 4th vertebrae. Un-docked tails are accepted, but are much more difficult to win successfully with in the show rings in the US. Un-docked tails are also prone to damage and difficult to live with.8.15am, 16 Nov 2013. 24.2k. 111. VETERINARIANS SAY THEY are shocked about proposed regulations under the Animal Health and Welfare Bill 2013 that would allow the docking – without anaesthetic ...Top 10 Best Tail Docking in Spring, TX 77373 - May 2024 - Yelp - Ear Trim, Brittmoore Animal Hospital, Suburbia North Animal Hospital, Affordable Pet Clinic Katy, SNAP Spay/Neuter & Animal Wellness Clinic - Houston, Memorial Veterinary Pet Care Hospital, Bone on the Bayou on 20th Street, Sunset Animal Hospital, Oak Forest Veterinary …As a pet owner, finding a reliable and trustworthy veterinarian is crucial for the health and well-being of your furry friend. However, it can be challenging to find a vet that is ...It is best to cut the puppy’s tail from birth to less than 8 weeks of age, equivalent to 2 months, to avoid causing the dog to feel chronic pain. Because the skeletal system, blood circulation, and nervous system of puppies in the early stages of life are not fully developed. This physiological feature makes it easier to amputate the tail ...DR R Blane Cooper Vet. Reviews. 5.0 1 reviews. Jay P. 8/3/2023 Excellent service, amazing people that work there. They truly care about your animals and their wellbeing. Read more on Yelp . Features. Services. Has Full Bar; See less. Own this business? Claim it. See a problem?

Jul 7, 2022 ... Tail or no tail, this dog is loved ❤️ Dr Scott Miller is faced with an agonising decision after an energetic puppy suffers two tail injuries ...Happy Tails Veterinary Center provides comprehensive pet care in Aurora, CO. Call us today to schedule your pet's appointment with our veterinarians.Book an appointment with a mobile vet in Houston or College Station Texas. Chasing Tails is a best-in-class mobile vet service that brings the concept of vet near me to a vet near you. Right in your home. Great for cats and dogs (and pet owners too).When it comes to owning a waterfront property, having a boat dock is not only a practical necessity but also adds to the overall aesthetic appeal. However, choosing the perfect boa...It was not only hard to remove this debris, it could possibly cause trauma and infection to the tail. As a result, Aussie owners began docking the tails of their young puppies. Today in the U.S., tail docking of Australian Shepherds remains the accepted custom among breeders, and efforts to ban the practice have been adamantly opposed by Aussie ... Therapeutic docking. Is the removal of a diseased or damaged tail from a dog of any age for clinical reasons. Often needed for complete tail paralysis, tail tumours and other medical reasons. Therapeutic docking is carried out under general anaesthetic. There are over fifty breeds of dog, which have had their tails docked, since the inception ... The tail must be docked when the puppy is not more than five days old. The puppy also needs to be microchipped before three months of age. Visit the DEFRA …1. Pain and distress: A snip of discomfort. Docking a puppy’s tail involves amputating a part of it, causing pain, discomfort, and distress. Some argue that this procedure is unnecessary and can be seen as a form of animal cruelty. After all, we want our furry friends to wag their tails with joy, not wince in pain! 2.Top 10 Best Docking Tails in San Francisco, CA - December 2023 - Yelp - Irving Pet Hospital, Ocean Avenue Veterinary Hospital, Mission Pet Hospital, San Francisco SPCA, Mill Valley Pet Clinic, KitTea, Bay Area Bird Hospital, Mudpuppy’s Tub & Scrub - San Francisco, Bow Wow Meow - San Francisco, Pet Food ExpressBest Veterinarians in Soddy-Daisy, TN 37379 - Sequoyah Waggin' Tails Lodge, Valley Animal Clinic, Hixson Pet Wellness Center: Denise Jones D.V.M, Middle Valley Animal Hospital, Soddy-Daisy Animal Clinic, Sale Creek Veterinary Services, Mountain Top Veterinary Services, Alexander Robert A DVM, Vet2Go Housecalls, Ashland Terrace Animal Hospital.Chasing Tails is a top-rated mobile vet service operating in College Station and Houston Texas. Let the “vet near me” become the best veterinarian for you and your pet because they make house calls. Our vets “make house calls” by coming to your house to service your dog or cat in the comfort and security of your own home. Our mobile vet clinic now …

Middletown Veterinarian | Western Hills Veterinary Clinic | 513-422-4181. 5622 Mosiman Road Middletown, OH 45042. New patients receive 10% OFF first wellness visit. Not redeemable for emergency or diagnostic visits. New Pet Information Form. Our Location. Location Find us on the map. Office Hours Our Regular Schedule. Monday:

Marcello Veterinary Hospital is accepting new patients! Our experienced vets are passionate about the health of Louisiana companion animals. Get in touch today to book your pet's first appointment. Our skilled veterinarians and veterinary technicians provide exceptional care to pets at our Houma and Raceland animal hospitals. Tail docking or “bobbing” refers to an elective surgery in which the whole or part of a dog’s tail is removed. It is usually performed in puppies aged between 2 and 5 days. Dog tail docking is banned in some countries such as Australia and remains highly controversial, but still practiced, in others. Here is a comprehensive discussion of ... Top 10 Best Docking Tails in San Francisco, CA - December 2023 - Yelp - Irving Pet Hospital, Ocean Avenue Veterinary Hospital, Mission Pet Hospital, San Francisco SPCA, Mill Valley Pet Clinic, KitTea, Bay Area Bird Hospital, Mudpuppy’s Tub & Scrub - San Francisco, Bow Wow Meow - San Francisco, Pet Food Express Best Veterinarians in Kent, WA - Animal Clinic of Benson, McMonigle Veterinary Hospital Pllc, A Pet Clinic of Kent, Happy Tails Animal Hospital, VCA Kent Animal Hospital, Marine View Veterinary Hospital, A Valley Animal Hospital, Clover Veterinary Hospital, Gentle Hands Cherished Paws, Reber RanchTop 10 Best Ear Cropping in Houston, TX - May 2024 - Yelp - Ear Trim, Grand Park Animal Clinic, Gulfgate Animal Hospital, VCA Westside Animal Hospital, Brittmoore Animal Hospital, Garza Veterinary Clinic, Furry To Fantastic, Richmond Avenue Animal Hospital, Kleinbrook Animal Hospital, All God's Creatures Veterinary CareApr 1, 2022 · Tail docking when done for cosmetic reasons regardless of the age of the animal is controversial. Many breed clubs still consider tail docking for cosmetic reasons a standard for certain breeds, however the practice of docking a dog's tail for cosmetic reasons has long been advised against by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). We're addressing the gap between general veterinary practice and 24-hour emergency specialty veterinary medicine for your beloved pet. 619-282-8035 [email protected] FacebookCosmetic surgery may be performed on your pet if you wish. One of the most common veterinary cosmetic surgeries are tail docking for dogs. Why would my pet need cosmetic surgery? Typical cosmetic surgeries have no proven medical benefit, and are purely performed for preference in appearance.See more reviews for this business. Best Veterinarians in Polo, MO 64671 - Barnes Joe DVM, Holt Animal Clinic, Lawson Animal Hospital, Long Veterinary Clinic Llc, Polo Veterinary Service, Cameron Veterinarian Clinic, Hamilton Veterinary Clinic, Northland Mobile Veterinary Clinic, Leighr R David, DVM, The Animal Clinic of Kearney.At The Vets, we provide home pet care services in the Columbus, OH metropolitan area. You’ll be able to find below our. Columbus, OH veterinarian services areas near you. Get exceptional at-home veterinary service. The Vets sets a new standard of personalized mobile veterinarian care in Columbus Ohio for cats & dogs.

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May 28, 2013 ... “Why on earth, in this day and age, do we still dock dog's tails? ... me, felt that the ban on docking ... There is nothing to stop vets in Scotland ...Choosing the home construction company to build your new home is a tough process. You’ll need to know what you want before you decide which company best suits your style. Check out...When it comes to the health and well-being of our beloved pets, finding a reliable and experienced veterinarian is of utmost importance. Whether you have recently moved to a new ar...Mar 11, 2024 · In Rome, people believed removing the tail (and part of the tongue) would keep a dog from getting rabies. Tax avoidance: In England, people docked their dogs’ tails to avoid a non-working dog tax. Preventing injuries: Docking may reduce tail injuries during hunting and work in dense vegetation. Answered: I wanted to share with anyone traveling in Cambodia with their pet(s), that I was lucky enough to find an excellent French/Khmer veterinary clinic in Phnom Penh.Tail docking when done for cosmetic reasons regardless of the age of the animal is controversial. Many breed clubs still consider tail docking for cosmetic reasons a standard for certain breeds, however the practice of docking a dog's tail for cosmetic reasons has long been advised against by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA).Middletown Veterinarian | Western Hills Veterinary Clinic | 513-422-4181. 5622 Mosiman Road Middletown, OH 45042. New patients receive 10% OFF first wellness visit. Not redeemable for emergency or diagnostic visits. New Pet Information Form. Our Location. Location Find us on the map. Office Hours Our Regular Schedule. Monday:Available attitude research surrounding these controversial practices has been limited to surveys of veterinarians and dog breeders familiar with both practices. The aim of this project was to: 1) assess public awareness of tail docking and ear cropping, 2) determine whether physical alteration of a dog affects how the dog, and 3) owner are ...Top 10 Best Veterinarians in Universal City, TX 78148 - May 2024 - Yelp - Universal City Animal Hospital, Pat Booker Road Animal Hospital, Friendship Pet Hospital, Schertz Animal Hospital, Cibolo Small Animal Hospital, Kitty Hawk Animal Hospital, Westridge Pet Hospital and Wellness Center, Weir Henry E DVM, Garden Ridge Animal Hospital, Crestway Animal Clinic ….

Best Veterinarians in Zanesville, OH 43701 - Countryside Animal Clinic, Brandywine Hospital For Pets, Maysville Animal Hospital, Muskingum Valley Veterinary Services, Olde Falls Road Veterinary Clinic, Animal Crackers Veterinary Hospital, All About The Animals Veterinary Clinic, CodaPet, Booth James W DVM, Hillside Veterinary Clinic. Top 10 Best Dog Tail Docking Near Miami, Florida. 1. Pet Lovers Animal Clinic. “I usually don't write a lot of reviews but I want to share my experience at pet lover's. I want to start by saying the doctor Jorge De Cabo is an incredible human being. Our cat was…” more. 2. Dogs. Health & Safety. • 21 March 2022. There are many breeds of dog which traditionally had their tails docked such as some Spaniels, Doberman Pinchers, most Terrier types and Rottweilers. However, in 2007 this was effectively banned in the UK, with some permitted exceptions*. This ban also extended to the showing of some dogs with …Welcome to Happy Tails Animal Hospital! We are a full service veterinary clinic in Superior, WI dedicated to offering compassionate care for small, exotic and farm animals. We opened May 1st, 2015. ATTENTION: Due to the number of patients waiting to be seen, if you do NOT provide 24 hour notice of an appointment cancellation you will be …We are a Cat Friendly, AAHA accredited veterinarian in Duluth, GA, offering personalized, lifelong care for dogs and cats.Book an Appointment. 26 Essex Street. Melrose, MA 02176. (781) 662-4888. Melrose Animal Clinc provides pets with exceptional care from a devoted, talented and compassionate staff. Contact our veterinarian today!Happy Tails Veterinary Center provides comprehensive pet care in Aurora, CO. Call us today to schedule your pet's appointment with our veterinarians.Our technicians are available seven days a week to assist you with time-sensitive procedures and other services you will not find anywhere else in the Chicago area. To arrange a visit, please call (708) 478-7788. At our Orland Park, IL, animal hospital, we offer convenient and efficient animal reproduction services for pet breeders.Best Veterinarians in Setauket-East Setauket, NY 11733 - Setauket Animal Hospital, Pet ER 24/7, Head To Tail Animal Hospital, Animal Health & Wellness Veterinary Office, Corner Animal Hospital, Countryside Animal Hospital, Just Cats Health Care, Three Village Veterinary Hospital, Rose Brian DVM, Mt Sinai Animal Hospital Vets who dock tails near me, Veterinary Resources; About Us . News; Blog: The Inside Scooper ; Contact Us; What Makes Us Unique; Employment; Locations . Sajo Farm - Virginia Beach; Pembroke - Virginia Beach; Great Bridge - Chesapeake, It costs between $400 and $900 to get your Cane Corso’s ears cropped at a veterinarian in the United States. During my research I got price quotes from ten different vets, and the average was around $600. This price includes the pre-surgical exam, antibiotics, pain meds, follow-up exams, and postings., This is typically done when the dog is 3-5 days old, before the nerves are fully developed. At this age, we are able to dock the tails and remove the dewclaws using only local anesthetic rather general anesthesia. We typically perform ear cropping when the dog is 8-12 weeks of age, though the optimal age varies based on breed., Ear cropping is the act of removing part (or sometimes all) of a dog’s ears, and is often followed by taping the remaining ear upright so that it heals vertically, giving the ears an upright triangular appearance, rather than the hanging-down floppy ears of most dogs. Breeds where cropping is prevalent are Dobermanns, American bullies ..., Top 10 Best Dog Tail Docking Near Miami, Florida. 1. Pet Lovers Animal Clinic. “I usually don't write a lot of reviews but I want to share my experience at pet lover's. I want to start by saying the doctor Jorge De Cabo is an incredible human being. Our cat was…” more. 2., Ear cropping surgery for dogs is ideally performed when your puppy is between 10 and 12 weeks of age. The surgical process involves shaping the dog's ears to stand up, and requires the use of general anesthesia. In order to carefully and safely monitor your pet's pain and comfort into their recovery, we keep your pet overnight in our hospital ... , Best Veterinarians in Little River, SC 29566 - Kind Care Animal Hospital, Waterway Animal Hospital, VCA Seaside Animal Hospital, Saint Francis Animal Hospital, Grand Strand Animal Hospital, Little River Veterinary Clinic, Banfield Pet Hospital, Myrtle Beach Equine Clinic, On Point Animal Hospital, Animal Hospital of North Myrtle Beach, Best Veterinarians in Kent, WA - Animal Clinic of Benson, McMonigle Veterinary Hospital Pllc, A Pet Clinic of Kent, Happy Tails Animal Hospital, VCA Kent Animal Hospital, Marine View Veterinary Hospital, A Valley Animal Hospital, Clover Veterinary Hospital, Gentle Hands Cherished Paws, Reber Ranch, October 8, 2023 by DR HARUN, DVM. Dogs’ tails are docked to prevent injuries and maintain breed standards. In many dog breeds, tail docking is performed to prevent tail damage during hunting, working, and sports activities. Docking is also done to enhance the overall appearance of certain breeds according to breed standards., Top 10 Best Veterinarians in Universal City, TX 78148 - May 2024 - Yelp - Universal City Animal Hospital, Pat Booker Road Animal Hospital, Friendship Pet Hospital, Schertz Animal Hospital, Cibolo Small Animal Hospital, Kitty Hawk Animal Hospital, Westridge Pet Hospital and Wellness Center, Weir Henry E DVM, Garden Ridge Animal Hospital, Crestway Animal Clinic, Im glad she did because the vets around here think all poodles need bunny tails. I prefer a natural tail but most breeders do the chop automatically. I just don ..., Therapeutic docking. Is the removal of a diseased or damaged tail from a dog of any age for clinical reasons. Often needed for complete tail paralysis, tail tumours and other medical reasons. Therapeutic docking is carried out under general anaesthetic. There are over fifty breeds of dog, which have had their tails docked, since the inception ... , Our veterinarians at Happy Tails Veterinary Hospital, offer exceptional services and care. Call our animal hospital in Shrewsbury, NJ today! Mon - Fri: 8am-9pm. Sat and Sun: 8am-4pm. 732-268-8180. We are accepting new clients! Please call to schedule your appointment. 827 Broad St, Ste 7 Shrewsbury, NJ 07702., Ear cropping surgery for dogs is ideally performed when your puppy is between 10 and 12 weeks of age. The surgical process involves shaping the dog's ears to stand up, and requires the use of general anesthesia. In order to carefully and safely monitor your pet's pain and comfort into their recovery, we keep your pet overnight in our hospital ... , In 2008 the AVMA again encouraged reference to ear cropping and tail docking as a breed standard be removed, and again in 2012. For nearly 30 years many veterinarians have opposed tail docking and ear cropping. In a number of states the procedures, when performed for cosmetic reasons, are illegal. And yet it has and does continue., Animal Tails is the first employee-owned and operated vet practice in the UK - you will see the same faces each time you visit and, as a result, experience a continuity of care not often seen these days. PLEASE CALL 01786 474471 TO REGISTER WITH US. IN EVENT OF EMERGENCY OUTWITH OUR OPENING HOURS PLEASE CALL OUR NORMAL NUMBER., The National Pet Advocacy and Welfare Society (NPAWS) leads the Pet Positive Movement. It works to save furry tails, ears, toes, and more from non-therapeutic invasive procedures. Normalized pet cruelties like tail docking, ear cropping, declawing, and other such procedures have no place in a humane America. , Since the age for docking (and dewclaw removal) is between 3-5 days old, and puppies are not picked out until 8+ weeks old, all our puppies will have tails docked and dewclaws removed. We will arrange the ear cropping for all our puppies at approximately 7-9 weeks of age, only by a licensed vet whose quality we trust. No exceptions., The American Kennel Club allows and supports the practice of both to uphold the visual standards that have been normalized in specific breeds. However, the American Veterinary Medical Association opposes the practice. Risks of Ear Cropping and Tail Docking. Ear cropping is a surgical procedure that requires your dog be placed under general ..., Ear cropping is the act of removing part (or sometimes all) of a dog’s ears, and is often followed by taping the remaining ear upright so that it heals vertically, giving the ears an upright triangular appearance, rather than the hanging-down floppy ears of most dogs. Breeds where cropping is prevalent are Dobermanns, American bullies ..., Top 10 Best Dog Tail Docking Near Miami, Florida. 1. Pet Lovers Animal Clinic. “I usually don't write a lot of reviews but I want to share my experience at pet lover's. I want to start by saying the doctor Jorge De Cabo is an incredible human being. Our cat was…” more. 2., October 8, 2023 by DR HARUN, DVM. Dogs’ tails are docked to prevent injuries and maintain breed standards. In many dog breeds, tail docking is performed to prevent tail damage during hunting, working, and sports activities. Docking is also done to enhance the overall appearance of certain breeds according to breed standards., Docking a boat with a stern drive can be a challenging task for many boaters, especially those who are new to handling this type of vessel. However, with the right knowledge and pr..., Best Veterinarians in Orting, WA 98360 - Orting Animal Hospital, McMillin Animal Hospital, Firgrove Veterinary Hospital, David M Best, DVM, Loving Care Pet Clinic, All Creatures Animal Hospital, Value Pet Clinic, Happy Tails Animal Hospital, Wildflower Veterinary Services, South Hill Veterinary Hospital, Head to Tail Animal Hospital! When you are looking for a veterinary care clinic you should be able to count on superior care and excellent service. We at Head to Tail Animal Hospital have assembled an expert team of veterinary professionals to bring you the best possible healthcare for your pet. We have a state of the art veterinary facility ..., Tail docking is for working, hunting dogs and gun dogs, it is to help prevent tail damage. Docking is a perfectly humane procedure when properly carried out, and one, which prevents far more distress than it causes. The Animal Welfare Acts came into force in Wales on 31st March 2007, England on 6th April 2007 and Scotland from 30th April 2007., Tail docking or “bobbing” refers to an elective surgery in which the whole or part of a dog’s tail is removed. It is usually performed in puppies aged between 2 and 5 days. Dog tail docking is banned in some countries such as Australia and remains highly controversial, but still practiced, in others. Here is a comprehensive discussion of ..., Tail docking of dogs. From 6 April 2007 in England, and 28 March in Wales, the docking of dogs' tails is banned in England and Wales except for certain …, Hemali has previously managed finance teams, before she set up Happy Tails Vets with her husband Jaimin. When setting up the practice Hemali & Jaimin wanted to create a …, Are you looking to install Rand McNally Dock on your device? The Rand McNally Dock is a convenient software application that allows users to manage and update their Rand McNally GP..., Greencross Vets, Five Dock. 250 likes · 2 talking about this · 59 were here. Greencross Vets Five Dock (formally Happy Tails Vet Hospital) is a purpose built veterinary ho..., Since the age for docking (and dewclaw removal) is between 3-5 days old, and puppies are not picked out until 8+ weeks old, all our puppies will have tails docked and dewclaws removed. We will arrange the ear cropping for all our puppies at approximately 7-9 weeks of age, only by a licensed vet whose quality we trust. No exceptions. ,